@clark.chalmers_1998

# The Extended Mind > [!info]- Info - [**Zotero**](zotero://select/library/items/MN9JU4ZC) | Local [**PDF**](file:////Users/qwxlea/Zotero/storage/V33D8GQJ/Clark%20and%20Chalmers%20-%201998%20-%20The%20Extended%20Mind.pdf) > Authors: [[Andy Clark]] [[David Chalmers]] > Publication: Analysis> Type: journalArticle > Year: 1998 > Zotero links: [Item](zotero://select/library/items/MN9JU4ZC) PDF: [Clark and Chalmers - 1998 - The Extended Mind.pdf](zotero://select/library/items/V33D8GQJ) > Web links: [Item](http://zotero.org/users/8387645/items/MN9JU4ZC) PDF: [Clark and Chalmers - 1998 - The Extended Mind.pdf](file:///Users/qwxlea/Zotero/storage/V33D8GQJ/Clark%20and%20Chalmers%20-%201998%20-%20The%20Extended%20Mind.pdf) > > > **History** > Date item added to Zotero: [[2023-07-21]] > First date annotations or notes modified: [[2023-07-29]] > Last date annotations or notes modified: [[2023-07-29]] > [!note] Notes (2) > "**The Extended Mind**" by [Andy Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Clark "Andy Clark") and [David Chalmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers "David Chalmers") (1998)[[view-for-local-tasks-using-a-progress-bar-TCODEID-2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_mind_thesis#cite_note-2) is the paper that originally stated the EMT. Clark and Chalmers present the idea of **active externalism** (not to be confused with [semantic externalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_Externalism#Semantics "Internalism and Externalism")), in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind. They argue that the separation between the mind, the body, and the environment is an unprincipled distinction. Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes, the mind and the environment act as a "coupled system" that can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own. In this manner, the mind is extended into the physical world. The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes. - wikipedia > > 📝️ (modified: 2023-07-29) [link](zotero://select/library/items/5B8VNKZX) - [web](http://zotero.org/users/8387645/items/5B8VNKZX) > > --- > Thinking is normally conceived of as happening inside our heads. But what about the tools and structures that help us organise and retrieve information? Previously, we had to remember phone numbers; nowadays we simply look them up. Technology might, therefore, be said to act as a form of external memory. > > The extended mind theory says that ‘cognition’ does not just happen in our heads. Just as a prosthetic limb can become part of a body, technology such as computers (or even notebooks) become part of our minds. > > Professor Andy Clark worked with David Chalmers in the 1990s. They published the paper ‘The Extended Mind’ in 1998. This paper asked: ‘where does the mind stop, and the rest of the world begin?’. > > [https://www.ed.ac.uk/ppls/philosophy/research/impact/the-extended-mind-in-science-and-society#:~:text=The%20extended%20mind%20theory%20says,become%20part%20of%20our%20minds.](https://www.ed.ac.uk/ppls/philosophy/research/impact/the-extended-mind-in-science-and-society#:~:text=The%20extended%20mind%20theory%20says,become%20part%20of%20our%20minds.) > > 📝️ (modified: 2023-07-29) [link](zotero://select/library/items/36TCDRYW) - [web](http://zotero.org/users/8387645/items/36TCDRYW) > > --- > [!abstract]- > > "The Extended Mind" by Andy Clark and David Chalmers (1998)[2] is the paper that originally stated the EMT. Clark and Chalmers present the idea of active externalism (not to be confused with semantic externalism), in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind. They argue that the separation between the mind, the body, and the environment is an unprincipled distinction. Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes, the mind and the environment act as a "coupled system" that can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own. In this manner, the mind is extended into the physical world. The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes. -- wikipedia > --- ## Persistant notes %% begin notes %%%% end notes %% --- # Annotations (Exported: [[2023-07-29]]) ## 💡 Main ideas and conclusions %% begin id-v7y3wwyp %%💡 We advocatea very differentsort of externalism:an active externalism, basedon theactiveroleof theenvironment in drivingcognitiveprocesse ([The Extended Mind p.p. [7]](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=2&annotation=V7Y3WWYP)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-v7y3wwyp %% ^v7y3wwyp %% begin id-h2sfyr5f %%💡 Themoralis thatwhenit comesto belief,thereis nothingsacredabout skullandskin.Whatmakessomeinformation countas a beliefis therole it plays,andthereis no reasonwhytherelevant rolecan be playedonly frominsidethebody. ([The Extended Mind p.p. 14](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=9&annotation=H2SFYR5F)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-h2sfyr5f %% ^h2sfyr5f ## 📚 Ordinary notes %% begin id-zekwhnlg %%📚 Sometime in thecyberpunf kuture, a personsitsinfrontof a similar computerscreen. Thisagent,however, hasthebenefitof a neuralimplant whichcanperformtherotationoperationas fastas thecomputerin the previous example. Theagentmuststillchoosewhichinternal resource to use (theimplantor thegoodold-fashioned mentalrotation), as eachresource makesdifferent demands on attentionandotherconcurrent brainactivit ([The Extended Mind p.p. [7]](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=2&annotation=ZEKWHNLG)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-zekwhnlg %% ^zekwhnlg %% begin id-828fzuvr %%📚 .Thusconsiderthe use of pen and paperto performlong multiplication(McClellandet al. 1986, Clark1989), the use of physicalre-arrangements of lettertiles to prompt word recallin Scrabble(Kirsh1995), the use of instrumentssuch as the nautical slide rule (Hutchins 1995), and the general paraphernaliaof language,books, diagrams,and culture.In all these cases the individual brainperformssome operations,while othersare delegatedto manipulations of externalmedia. ([The Extended Mind p.p. 8](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=3&annotation=828FZUVR)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-828fzuvr %% ^828fzuvr %% begin id-pr86ng9y %%📚 Thus,inseeingcognitionasextendedoneisnotmerelymakinga terminologicaldecision;it makesa significant differenct eo the methodologyof scientificinvestigation. In effect,explanatorymethodsthatmightonce havebeenthoughtappropriate onlyfortheanalysisof 'inner' processes are nowbeingadaptedforthestudyof theouter, andthereis ([The Extended Mind p.p. 10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=5&annotation=PR86NG9Y)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-pr86ng9y %% ^pr86ng9y %% begin id-cu6dp6z4 %%📚 Somefindthissortof externalismunpalatable. Onereasonmaybethat manyidentifythecognitivewiththeconscious, andit seemsfarfromplausiblethatconsciousness extendsoutsidetheheadin thesecases.Butnot everycognitiveprocess, atleaston standardusage,is a consciousprocess. It is widelyacceptedthat all sortsof processesbeyondthe bordersof consciousness playa crucial roleincognitiveprocessing: intheretrieval of memories, linguisticprocesses, andskillacquisition, for example.Sothe merefactthatexternal processes areexternal whereconsciousness is internalis no reasonto denythatthoseprocesses arecognitiv ([The Extended Mind p.p. 10](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=5&annotation=CU6DP6Z4)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-cu6dp6z4 %% ^cu6dp6z4 %% begin id-lyle7z6q %%📚 Moreover, it maybe thatthe biologicalbrainhasin factevolvedand maturedin wayswhichfactorin the reliablepresenceof a manipulable external environment. It certainlyseemsthatevolutionhasfavouredonboardcapacities whichareespeciallygearedto parasitizing thelocalenvironment so asto reducememoryload,andevento transformthenatureof thecomputational problems themselve ([The Extended Mind p.p. 11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=6&annotation=LYLE7Z6Q)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-lyle7z6q %% ^lyle7z6q %% begin id-gwvrwwv3 %%📚 Anotherexamplemaybelanguage, whichappears to bea central means bywhichcognitiveprocesses areextendedintotheworld.Thinkof a group of peoplebrainstorming arounda table,ora philosopher whothinksbest by writing, developing her ideas as she goes. It may be that language This content downloaded from 131.155.215.185 on Sat, 5 Apr 2014 05:33:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Condition ([The Extended Mind p.p. 11](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=6&annotation=GWVRWWV3)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-gwvrwwv3 %% ^gwvrwwv3 %% begin id-mjnnsvfj %%📚 12 ANDY CLARK & DAVID CHALMERS evolved,in part,to enablesuchextensionsof our cognitiveresources withinactivelycoupledsystems. ([The Extended Mind p.p. 12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=7&annotation=MJNNSVFJ)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-mjnnsvfj %% ^mjnnsvfj %% begin id-hptyn2qq %%📚 Now considerOtto. Otto suffersfromAlzheimer's disease,and like manyAlzheimer's patients, herelieson information in theenvironment to helpstructurehis life. Ottocarriesa notebookaroundwithhimeverywherehegoes.Whenhelearnsnewinformation, hewritesit down.When he needssomeold information, he looksit up. ForOtto,his notebook plays the role usuallyplayed by a biologicalmemory ([The Extended Mind p.p. 12](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=7&annotation=HPTYN2QQ)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-hptyn2qq %% ^hptyn2qq %% begin id-yv3xuqpv %%📚 If thethesisis accepted, howfarshouldwe go?All sortsof puzzlecases springto mind.Whatof the amnesicvillageri sn OneHundredYearsof Solitude,who forgetthe namesfor everythingand so hang labels everywhere?Does the informationin my Filofaxcount as partof my memory? ([The Extended Mind p.p. 16](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/V33D8GQJ?page=11&annotation=YV3XUQPV)) edited:[[2023-07-29]] %% end id-yv3xuqpv %% ^yv3xuqpv %% Import Date: 2023-07-29T16:49:39.998+02:00 %%