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cognitive load theory

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Human behavior as automatons

Managing mental effort in learning

Cognitive Load Theory explains how the limitations of working memory affect learning and how instruction can be designed to align with those limits.

What Is Cognitive Load Theory?

This part is not original work, but partly the result of using an LLM

The opinions on LLMs are divided. I see them as a tool, and as long as people are open on what is theirs, and what is not I have no problem with it.

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) is an instructional theory developed by John Sweller in the late 1980s. It is grounded in cognitive psychology and focuses on how human cognitive architecture influences learning. The theory emphasizes that our working memory has a limited capacity, and effective instruction must consider this constraint to optimize learning.

Key Concepts

1. Working Memory vs Long-Term Memory

  • Working memory: The space where information is temporarily held and processed. It is limited—usually about 7 ± 2 items can be held at once, and only for a few seconds.
  • Long-term memory: Where information is stored more permanently and in a structured way (as schemas).

2. Types of Cognitive Load

Cognitive Load Theory identifies three types of cognitive load:

  • Intrinsic load: The inherent complexity of the material, based on how many elements need to be processed simultaneously. It cannot be eliminated but can be managed.
  • Extraneous load: Load imposed by the way information is presented or taught. This can be reduced with better instructional design.
  • Germane load: The mental effort devoted to processing, constructing, and automating schemas. This is beneficial for learning and should be encouraged.

3. Instructional Implications

To support learning, instruction should:

  • Minimize extraneous load (e.g., avoid unnecessary graphics or confusing layouts).
  • Manage intrinsic load (e.g., by breaking content into smaller steps).
  • Maximize germane load (e.g., through problem-solving and meaningful practice).

Practical Applications

Here are common instructional strategies that align with CLT:

  • Worked examples: Show step-by-step solutions to reduce extraneous load and support schema acquisition.
  • Segmented learning: Break complex tasks into smaller parts to manage intrinsic load.
  • Modality effect: Present information using both visual and auditory channels (e.g., narrated diagrams).
  • Avoid split-attention: Integrate text and visuals to prevent learners from dividing their attention.

Conclusion

Cognitive Load Theory provides a framework for understanding how to design learning materials that align with our brain’s natural limitations. By reducing unnecessary mental effort and promoting productive engagement, instructors can significantly improve learning outcomes.

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